THE ANTIMISSIONARY'S CHARGE:
A common objection voiced by the anti-missionary runs along these lines:
Our most ancient and wise sages universally agree that Jesus is not the Messiah. How could they, with all their erudition and authority, miss the Messiah when he came? It is inconceivable that they could make such a crucial mistake. In addition, the rabbis are the spiritual authorities in Judaism. They have the answers and know what is best for Israel. They all agree that Jesus is not for the Jew.
THE RESPONSE:
QUESTION AUTHORITY, Part 1
by Moishe Rosen, founder of Jews for Jesus
In the ‘70s many of us were inspired, instructed and even informed by bumper stickers. Some people used their bumpers to speak out, others to talk back. One Christian group had a bumper sticker that proclaimed, “We found it,” to which a group of Jewish people countered with their own bumper sticker declaring, “We never lost it.” But one particular bumper sticker stood out all around the country and I never saw anyone counter it. That bumper sticker had a simple but profound challenge: “Question Authority.”
Zola Levitt passed on a story from a pastor he once met. This big, burly, tough-looking man had been a highway patrolman before entering the ministry. As such, he once saw an automobile with that “Question Authority” bumper sticker prominently displayed. In fact, everything about the car and the driver seemed to repeat that motto.
So this highway patrolman pulled the driver over and slowly approached the vehicle. With all the police paraphernalia hanging from his belt and the Jack boots that patrol officers wear, he bent down to the driver’s side of the car, looked into the window and said with a smile, “What are your questions?” That highway patrolman had no doubt about the authority he symbolized, and he didn’t want anyone else to doubt it, either.
The “Question Authority” slogan seemed to mean different things to different people. Some questioned whether anyone had a right to such a thing as authority; others saw it as a warning to test authority figures to make sure they are true and trustworthy.
Life is full of uncertainties. Many people respond to them by spending time, money and energy on people or products that make authoritative claims. People hunger for certainty and frequently feed that hunger by trusting others who have a reassuring smile and a confident tone of voice. Countless self-serving people are ready to tell you how to invest your money in a “sure thing.” Self-anointed prophets will tell you how to find joy and heaven.
The seducers of this world can build your confidence on what you desire them to do for you. But it is what they want from you that can be so destructive. They make you feel good about yourself and about them by flattery, expertly and charmingly presented. Some lies are beautiful – at least for a while. Adults who look to others for certainty frequently end up with intoxicating certitudes - because they often drink without discernment if a fount seems to offer the answers they want.
How does one drink with discernment from a “fount of knowledge”? From time to time I have had the privilege of knowing authorities in different fields, professors and scholars, and I never lost the opportunity to ask one or two of the many questions I had. I wanted to establish a systematic way of understanding truth, so I set up what might be called a “hierarchy of authorities.”
For example, I was originally instructed in Jewish history from the writings of Solomon Grayzel. Later I noticed that many (including rabbis) differed with Grayzel on one point or another. I realized that if one looked at the history of Jews and Christians through Grayzel’s eyes alone, one might conclude that the whole purpose and design of the Church was to persecute the Jews.
Then I became acquainted with The History of the Jews written by Philip Johnson. Johnson, a Roman Catholic, didn’t gloss over the Catholic persecution of the Jews. He also mentioned how the early church had received some persecution from Jews (a fact strangely passed over by Grayzel). I found what I believed to be more integrity – if somewhat less detail – in Johnson’s book. So where there was disparity between Johnson and Grayzel, my hierarchy of authorities put the writings of Johnson higher. I still valued Grayzel’s book. I simply questioned parts of it in light of another authority that seemed less biased.
Here’s another example of the hierarchy of authorities: when it comes to criminal law, I can learn a lot from a policeman. I can learn more from a criminal lawyer. But the highest in my hierarchy of authorities would be a judge who hears criminal cases.
When it comes to religion, many “authorities” conflict with one another – and some authorities conflict facts that people would rather not face.
The religion of Islam was spread by the sword as conquering hordes issued an ultimatum: accept Islam or be exiled. At times the choice was gentler: accept Islam or lose your civil rights—even then, the choice was given only to Christians and Jews. Others were given a choice to convert or die. History teaches us that Muslims have placed the Islamization of the world as the highest aim and freely sacrifice lives to reach that aim.
So when the President of the United States stated authoritatively that Islam is a peaceful religion, many wondered if he had read the same authorities who taught the rest of us history. Of course, he rightly wanted to prevent a backlash of violence against Muslims at a moment when people were poised to react to the events of 9/11. But ever since that time, the purveyors of the ever-so-politically-correct-civil-religion have been trying to tell us that the Muslim religion does not lay a foundation for terrorist acts. They speak authoritatively and say things people want to hear, but they ignore history – and they ignore the writings of the religion itself.
It is amazing how much people will ignore in order to avoid conflict – but ultimately reality catches up to us and conflict becomes unavoidable. This is especially true when it comes to religious authority. What does that mean to us as Jews who believe in Jesus? It means we must consider the conflict that exists between the rabbis and the gospel.
Many of us have been asked to see rabbis who apparently want to hear why we believe in Y’shua. All too often when we went to see such rabbis, wanting to explain our faith, we were reminded of our ignorance, and our experience with Y’shua was either trivialized or blamed for the sufferings of our people.
Most rabbis emphasize study as the way to know God. We’ve been told that unless we studied as much as the rabbis, we couldn’t possibly make an informed, intelligent decision for Y’shua. As with the Gnostics, they would have us “ever learning and never coming to the knowledge of the truth….”[1] Unfortunately, most rabbis have accepted the role of an apologist for Judaism, rather than a spiritual authority who can aid in or inspire a true encounter with God.
The nature of Jewish logic allows rabbis to differ with one another on various issues of jurisprudence or theology. Yet they all seem to agree on one issue: Jesus cannot possibly be the Messiah.
Have you ever wondered how rabbis can be so united on this one point when so many disagree on almost everything else? It makes sense if you see that modern Judaism is, in part, a reaction to the gospel.
In fact, rejecting Jesus as Messiah is practically an article of faith to Jewish people who place themselves under rabbinic authority. This forces us to ask: “Are rabbis God’s appointed authorities to guard, interpret and promote the Jewish understanding of who the Almighty is and what He wants?”
The Hebrew Scriptures list the God-sanctioned authorities for Jewish life: prophets, priests and kings – and of course the actual Scriptures. The word “rabbi” is not to be found in the Hebrew Scriptures – it is nowhere in the whole Tanach. The Old Testament describes no such office.
The system God established, through Moses, was the management of religious affairs by the priesthood. And just about everything was a religious affair. The priesthood were not only clergymen, but priest craft also included issues pertaining to health, education and welfare that were needed to instruct daily life. Priests functioned not only as judges, but also as notaries, scribes, physicians and teachers of literacy. If ancient Israelites had a problem – whether it was a health issue or marriage problem – they went to priests, not rabbis.
There were good priests and not-so-good priests, as we see in the Scriptures, particularly in the books of Samuel. It is not surprising that many people lost confidence in the priesthood.
The office of rabbi developed, along with the concept of the synagogue as the community center, and can be traced back to the Babylonian-Syrian-Persian captivity.
The work from which “rabbi” is derived is found 15 times in the Tanach, but it is not a Hebrew word. The word is Rab, and it is an Aramaic or Babylonian word with means “master,” as to a servant. Therefore, the word is used only in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.
Ultimately, the destruction of the Second Temple resulted in the death and dispersal of the priests. However, in addition to the priestly scribes, there were secular scribes, many of whom belonged to the party of the Pharisees. After the destruction of the Temple, these non-priestly scribes gathered at a place called Jamnia or Yavneh. It was there, in 90 A.D., that the rabbis promoted themselves to the present place of authority. [2]
The modern concept of a rabbi has been through many changes. In New Testament times a rabbi was not so much a teacher as he was a judge. They were not the same kind of judges who ruled Israel after Joshua. Those judges governed instead of kings of tribal chiefs. They often delivered justice at the end of a sword. By the first century things had changed. Rabbis were not needed to lead battles or govern. The people were governed by those who did not know God’s law, and they needed rabbis to declare what was lawful according to God and what was unlawful. We see this in the way people brought matters to Jesus; not that He might elucidate or explain things, but that He might pronounce judgment.
Jesus never accepted this role. He did not quote other sages and rabbis as was the custom. He quoted God’s Word and explained things in His own words from His unique perspective. He took a role that not only differed from that of the rabbis, but made it pale in comparison. And He claimed such high authority for Himself that anyone who followed Him had to question the authority of those who did not.
You can understand why Judaism, since the destruction of the Temple, must stand against the gospel. Jesus does not fit into the structure of authority. He challenges it. The way He challenged authority then affected His followers... and it continues to affect us to this day.
1 2 Timothy 3:7
2 A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ by Emil Schurer, Hendrickson Publishers, Volume I page 365: “Of profound importance to the further development of the scribism was the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the hitherto relative independence of the Jewish commonwealth. The ancient Sanhedrin, at the head of which had stood the Sadducean high priests, now forever retires from the stage. The Pharisaic teachers of the law, who during the last century before the destruction of the temple had already actually exercised very great influence, became the sole leaders of the people. Hence the direct result of the political fall was an increase of rabbinical power and an exaltation of rabbinical studies. Henceforth our authorities became more copious, the first codification of Jewish law having been undertaken by men directly connected with the generation which survived the fall of the city.
“Jamnia or Jabne, which had since the Maccabean periods been chiefly inhabited by Jews, became after the destruction of the holy city a chief seat of these studies. The most distinguished of those scholars, who survived the fall of Jerusalem, seem to have settled here..."
THE ANTIMISSIONARY'S CHARGE:
A common objection voiced by the anti-missionary runs along these lines: Our most ancient and wise sages universally agree that Jesus is not the Messiah. How could they, with all their erudition and authority, miss the Messiah when he came? It is inconceivable that they could make such a crucial mistake. In addition, the rabbis are the spiritual authorities in Judaism. They have the answers and know what is best for Israel. They all agree that Jesus is not for the Jew.
THE RESPONSE:
QUESTION AUTHORITY, Part 2
by Moishe Rosen, founder of Jews for Jesus
In the last issue of Havurah we talked about questioning authority, particularly where the Jewish religion is concerned. We observed a shift in authority following the destruction of the Temple. That shift occurred at the council of Yavneh, where the rabbis appointed themselves as the leaders of Judaism in place of the priestly system established by God.
Few Jewish people realize how radical that shift was. Since the Bible makes no mention of rabbinical authority, it was essential for the rabbis to find justification for taking that mantle upon themselves.
Defilement was a constant concern in Jewish jurisprudence. Certain things would be defiled if handled by anyone other than the priests. Certain acts, such as cutting or tattooing the body, were defilement. The book of Leviticus is filled with regulations concerning what is clean and unclean, permitted and not permitted.
Before the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D. the priests, or cohenim, taught the ways of worship and living; it was their responsibility to keep people from defilement and desecration. But when the Temple was destroyed, the priests were dispersed or killed, creating a power vacuum. The rabbis, in an attempt to keep the people united, presented themselves as religious authorities to fill that vacuum. Without the priests to interpret Torah, they became the sole interpreters of the Scriptures.
It was not as though the rabbis wrested control away from anyone. The priesthood had been in disarray even before the destruction of the Temple. Nevertheless, when the rabbis became the authorities, it was difficult to appeal to the Scriptures. The Law had been written to be observed by a certain people at a certain time in a certain place and within a certain structure set forth by revelation.
The question of rabbinical authority comes into relief when we go back and explore the God-given authority of those who preceded them: namely those who filled the offices of prophet, priest and king. As mentioned in part one of this article, those were God's appointed offices. God gave a sign or symbol to show that He had bestowed His authority on these people. That sign was a public anointing, that is, the smearing of ointment on a person's head.
The word "anoint" first appears in reference to Aaron and his family. God commanded Moses: "So you shall put them on Aaron your brother and on his sons with him. You shall anoint them, consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister to Me as priests" (Exodus 28:41).
But the priests were not the only ones appointed and anointed by God to positions of authority. In l Kings 19:16 we see that God commanded Elijah to anoint Jehu king, that is melech, over Israel, and in the same verse Elijah was also to anoint Elisha to be a prophet in his stead. So those who God chose to be priests, prophets and kings were given the same symbol of anointing at God's direction.
It is interesting to go back a little further to see how God first worked in the matter of the king and the kingdom. After Moses and Joshua, our people were ruled for a time by chieftain-judges - sometimes for better and sometimes for worse. As this era drew to a close, Israel demanded a king, "like the other nations." And God established a monarchy.
Now the LORD had told Samuel in his ear the day before Samuel came, saying, "Tomorrow about this time I will send you a man from the land of Benjamin, and you shall anoint him commander over My people Israel, that he may save My people from the hand of the Philistines; for I have looked upon My people, because their cry has come to me." So when Samuel saw Saul, the LORD said to him, "There he is, the man of whom I spoke to you. This one shall reign over My people" (1 Samuel 9:15-17).
It is interesting that Saul was to be anointed a commander, or nagid, which is different from the usual word for king: "Then Samuel took a flask of oil and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said: 'Is it not because the LORD has anointed you commander over his inheritance?'" (1 Samuel 10:1).
The people petitioned God for a king (melech) (1 Samuel 8:6). They did not petition him for a commander (1 Samuel 10:1). In the case of Saul, the prophet anointed him a commander and the people made Saul king before the Lord (1 Samuel 11:15).
The king was to be a steward over God's inheritance. All God-given authority is a matter of stewardship, since God is creator of all and Lord over all. But the people had asked for a king to be like the other nations, and that is what they got.
While King Saul did receive the Lord's anointing and began his reign in the power of the Holy Spirit, it quickly became apparent that Saul was not the king that God envisioned for His people. Arguably, God gave the people what they wanted in order to prepare them to receive what He wanted - David, the man after God's heart. And even David was just a forerunner of the perfect King who was yet to come.
The authority that people choose for themselves is vastly different from the authority God would place over us. Few people desire authority in their lives, but most will give someone authority over them in exchange for protection.
And when the rabbis took the mantle of authority upon themselves, it was for the sake of protecting the Jewish people. The protection was not so much in regard to a military threat, but rather the threat that we would lose our peoplehood without the Temple, that we would succumb to the temptations of assimilation and be lost in a sea of goyim. So the rabbis became the interpreters of the Jewish religion and thus the protectors of our people's survival.
Religion requires revelation and regulation; the first needs to be authoritatively interpreted and the second needs to be authoritatively enforced. However, without the sacrificial system, much of the Law seemed empty. Much of the Torah was no longer relevant once the Temple was destroyed and the people dispersed. And with the diminishing of the priests came the disappearance of prophets. Thus the rabbis could not base their authority on revelation.
But that problem was solved through an idea which pervades Orthodox Judaism to this day. It is difficult to determine if the idea originated at Yavneh, but a particular idea or device gave authority to the rabbis apart from actual anointing and to some extent, apart from the Scriptures. That device is the oral law. Supposedly, Moses not only brought the written law, and dictated the Torah, but according to tradition he received an oral law. This law was passed down orally to select disciples until the Talmud was written. The Talmud is said to contain that oral law - and the Talmud gives prominence to the rabbis.
The rabbis' final appeal was to tradition and so it is to this day. "Judaism teaches" became the foundation to uphold the Jewish religion, and the building material for that foundation was the consensus of the rabbis. The one thing that the rabbis seemed to agree on was that Jesus could not be the Messiah, and any Jew who said that He was must be made an outcast.
Whereas the original people, items and place for worship were all selected by God and anointed of God, the rabbinate became a self-appointing, self-perpetuating and self-authenticating group. That is not to say that God did not use rabbis, that their intentions were bad or all their efforts in vain. But unlike the priests and Levites, the rabbis were not worship leaders. In a sense, they were spiritual watchdogs to bark warnings against idolatry and law-breaking. Later, the rabbis turned from warning of what was unlawful within Judaism to decrying what was harmful to the Jews from the outside. They became captains in the fight against anti-Semitism and assimilation. However, worship continued to be largely a matter of the heart and more often than not, the rabbis instructed the heads rather than the hearts.
Jewish people today continue looking to the rabbis as authorities, not so much for the rabbis to tell them to know God, or even necessarily how to live their daily lives, but for a feeling of security. The point of security is that there is such a thing as cohesive Judaism that enables the Jewish people to survive as a distinct people - whether or not they choose to practice the religion. The main power and authority of the rabbis resides in the willingness of the Jewish community to allow them to define what is or isn't Jewish. People find security in boundaries, and a definition is a boundary. While the rabbis are able to provide fewer and fewer definitions or boundaries in today's pluralistic society, there is at least one non-negotiable: Jesus cannot be the Messiah. Today's rabbis use that boundary, which is viewed as necessary to the survival of the Jewish people.
But those of us who do believe that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah see the struggle for survival in a different light. That light is the brilliance of God's sovereignty and the glorious continuity of His redemptive plan.
The repository of God's authority for the governance and spiritual welfare of Israel was in the prophets, priest and kings, which three comprised a check and balance of powers. The prophets could accuse the kings of not fulfilling the law, the priests could deny the king the right to come to the altar, and a king could likewise punish prophets or priests for civil disobedience. But God's ultimate promise was that He would send an anointed one who would not need to have an outside balance - because the inner person would be completely balanced. This anointed one is mentioned throughout the Hebrew Scriptures. Many of the messianic prophecies show the anointed one as God's means of survival for the Jewish people, whether spiritually, as in Isaiah 53, or in time of war, as in the book of Zechariah. But nowhere do we see the matter of the Messiah's authority more clearly delineated than in Psalm 2, where the nations gather together and express rage at the Lord, and at His anointed. In other words, Psalm 2 depicts humanity's struggle against God's authority. Psalm 2 also teaches us that the anointed one, or the Mashiach, would be the son of God.
The first verse asks: "Why do the nations rage and the people plot a vain thing?" So we see a distinction between "the nations" (that is, most of the world) and "the people" who are Israel. The nations boil in heat and anger, and the people, Israel, while cooler, still have an empty idea of the meaning of authority. Verse 2 shows us that the kings of the earth dig in and take a stand and the rulers (generally referring to Israel) take council together against Yahweh and His Mashiach, and what do they say? They say, "Let us break Their bonds in pieces, and cast away Their cords from us." In other words, all the ties that bind God and His people and God and His creation should be severed. This is the world's plan to reject God's authority.
Verse four gives God's reaction: "He who sits in the heavens shall laugh. . . ." What cosmic amusement. The people do not have the slightest idea of how much they are bound to God, who has set the very boundaries of life. To sever the link with Him would be suicide, for none can exist apart from Him.
In verse 6 we see that God has appointed His own ruler. God's true king (melech) is set upon the hill of Zion. And to further identify His Mashiach God announces, "You are My Son, today have I begotten You." Do not worry about the word "begotten." The many "begats" in the King James Bible seem to indicate paternity. This is true, but God did not pass out any cigars to celebrate His begotten Son, because God had always been the Father. Theologians disagree as to the moment of this "begetting," but it was probably either at the Incarnation, or birth of the God-man Messiah, or it was at His resurrection. The begetting is generally seen as the official and legal setting forth of Jesus as the Son of God.
So the psalmist says that the inheritance of the son is to be all the nations, for "all the earth shall belong to the son" (verse 8). This anointed one is given more than any mere prophet, priest or king of Israel could claim. He is not merely the anointed one of Israel, but the appointed leader of the whole world. As proof of this, verse 9 announces that the Messiah has the right to pulverize the nations if He chooses. God has given Him ultimate authority.
In the light of the foregoing, the psalmist says, "Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling," and the last verse tells us to embrace His Son, the King Messiah. And the word to Israel is, "Blessed are all those who put their trust in Him" (verse 12).
It is neither natural nor ordinary for people to desire authority to guide or direct their lives. Each of us wants to be the captain of our own destiny and the master of our own soul. Each of us wants the right to determine what is right and wrong according to our tastes and what is acceptable to us. Each of us desires sovereignty over our own lives, but alas the wise man knows that he cannot be in charge and so he looks for the true authority to direct him. What is the true authority? In the Jewish community, the rabbis' guide in what may be called the "ultimate right and wrong," but they guide by consensus and their consensus changes with the times. Except when it comes to Jesus.
The rejection of Jesus was not based on a failure to fulfill prophecies. The rejection of Jesus is a reaction against His rejection of the misused authority of the priesthood and the self-righteousness of the Scribes and Pharisees. He presented Himself as being the authority, as one might expect the Messiah would do. But the stewards of the Jewish religion of the day never considered His messiahship. There has never been an official Jewish response to Jesus; it has always been a reaction, the presumption that He couldn't possibly be the Messiah. Hence, all evidence was considered in that light and still is to this day.
What does that mean for us as Jewish believers in Y'shua? How does it affect our relationship with mainstream Judaism?
One of the components of true authority is power. When people appoint themselves or other people to positions of authority, they can only confer as much power as resides in them or their position. When God anoints someone, He fully empowers that person. Y'shua (Jesus) is His ultimate anointed one and as such He commands all of the Father's power and authority. And God anoints Jesus' disciples - you and me - with His Holy Spirit. The King of the Universe has appointed us to be His children, princes and princesses - not to be trifled with.
Who then is the authority of our day? The authority of our day continues to be in the Holy Scriptures, as interpreted by Spirit-led, Spirit-filled disciples (students or learners, rather than teachers). The one true authority, Messiah, imparts His Spirit, the Holy Spirit, for the empowerment and understanding of those who are about His Father's business.